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The cars have ruptured and spilled oil during collisions, leading to intense fires.
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regulators to allow them as long as seven years to retrofit existing tank cars that transport highly volatile crude oil, a top oil industry official said Tuesday. WASHINGTON (AP) - The oil and railroad industries are urging U.S. Pipelines, trains, and trucks carry the final products from the storage tanks to other locations across the country.The oil and railroad industries are urging US regulators to allow them as long as 7 years to retrofit existing tank cars that transport crude oil, an industry official says. Storageīoth incoming crude oil and the outgoing final products are stored temporarily in large tanks on a tank farm near the refinery. Octane level, vapor pressure ratings, and other special considerations determine the gasoline blend. To make gasoline, refinery technicians carefully combine a variety of streams from the processing units.
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The finishing touches occur during the final treatment. Reforming uses heat, moderate pressure, and catalysts to turn naphtha, a light, relatively low-value fraction, into high-octane gasoline components.
FRACKED OIL TRAIN CAR SERIES
The process, which essentially is cracking in reverse, takes place in a series of large, horizontal vessels and tall, skinny towers. Other refinery processes rearrange molecules to add value rather than splitting molecules.Īlkylation, for example, makes gasoline components by combining some of the gaseous byproducts of cracking. Complex refineries may have one or more types of crackers, including fluid catalytic cracking units and hydrocracking/hydrocracker units.Ĭracking is not the only form of crude oil conversion. A cracking unit consists of one or more tall, thick-walled, rocket-shaped reactors and a network of furnaces, heat exchangers, and other vessels.
FRACKED OIL TRAIN CAR CRACK
The most widely used conversion method is called cracking because it uses heat, pressure, catalysts, and sometimes hydrogen to crack heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter ones. This is where fractions from the distillation units are transformed into streams (intermediate components) that eventually become finished products. ConversionĪfter distillation, heavy, lower-value distillation fractions can be processed further into lighter, higher-value products such as gasoline. Heavier liquids, called gas oils, separate lower down in the distillation tower, while the heaviest fractions with the highest boiling points settle at the bottom of the tower. Medium weight liquids, including kerosene and distillates, stay in the middle of the distillation tower. The lightest fractions, including gasoline and liquefied refinery gases, vaporize and rise to the top of the distillation tower, where they condense back to liquids. Heavy fractions are on the bottom and light fractions are on the top. Inside the distillation units, the liquids and vapors separate into petroleum components called fractions according to their boiling points.